James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth

The Duke of Monmouth
Born	9 April 1649 Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died	15 July 1685(1685-07-15) (aged 36) Tower Hill, London, England
Title	Duke of Monmouth Duke of Buccleuch Earl of Doncaster Baron Scott of Tynedale Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
Spouse	Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch
Parents	Charles II of England Lucy Walter

James Crofts or James Fitzroy, later Sir James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch KG PC (9 April 1649 – 15 July 1685), was an English nobleman. He was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II and his mistress, Lucy Walter, who had followed him into continental exile after the execution of Charles's father, Charles I. He took his wife's name upon marriage. He always claimed his parents were married, and that he possessed their marriage lines, but he never produced them.^[1] Monmouth was executed in 1685 after making an unsuccessful attempt to depose James II, commonly called the Monmouth Rebellion. Declaring himself the legitimate King, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his position as the son (albeit illegitimate) of Charles II, and his Protestantism, in opposition to James, who was Catholic. His full titles were Duke of Monmouth and Earl of Doncaster, in the County of York (1663), Earl of Dalkeith (1663), Baron Scott of Tindale, in the County of Northumberland (1663) and Baron Scott of Whitchester and Eskdale (1663).

Biography

Lucy Walter had almost as bad a reputation as the prince himself, and it is not at all certain that Charles was the natural father of James. According to biographical research of Hugh Noel Williams,^[2] on 9 April 1649 Lucy Walter gave birth to James, whom Charles II (who was Lucy's lover in those months) acknowledged as his; however Charles had not arrived at The Hague until the middle of September 1648, which meant Monmouth may not actually have been sired by Charles II. Instead, Lucy Walter had in the summer of 1648 been mistress of Colonel Robert Sidney, a younger son of the Earl of Leicester. Serious doubts about Monmouth's real paternity arose within days of his birth and, according to contemporaries' observations, when Monmouth grew to manhood, he bore a much stronger resemblance to Robert Sidney than he did to his reputed father, although somewhat resembling him. It also was claimed that Monmouth was much too good-looking to be the biological son of Charles . If Monmouth was Sidney's son, then his uncles included Algernon Sydney and Henry Sydney, and an ancestral uncle had been the poet Philip Sidney.

Nonetheless, the child was acknowledged by Charles and was the eldest of 14 children fathered by the king outside of wedlock. There were rumours that Charles and Lucy did marry, secretly, which would have made James the true and legitimate heir to the throne.^[3] However, as King, Charles later testified in writing to his Council that he had never been married to anyone except his queen.^[4] Whatever the truth, Charles recognised James as his son, but did not make him his heir. After succeeding to the throne, Charles married the Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza; by this time Lucy Walter was dead. James acquired his original surname from William Crofts, 1st Baron Crofts, who was entrusted with the care of the infant, who was passed off as Croft's nephew.

Officer and commander

James Scott commanding the English against the Dutch in 1672, Jan Wyck.

In 1663, at the age of 14, shortly after having been brought to England, James was created Duke of Monmouth with the subsidiary titles of Earl of Doncaster and Baron Scott of Tynedale, all three in the Peerage of England, and married off to the wealthy Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. The day after his marriage, they were made Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch. Although he showed no aptitude for government, Monmouth, as he continued to be called, was popular, particularly since he was a Protestant, whereas the official heir to the throne, the brother of Charles II, James, Duke of York, became a Roman Catholic in 1668.

In 1665, at the age of 16, Monmouth served in the English fleet under his uncle the Duke of York in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Later in the war, he returned to England to assume his first military command as commander of a troop of cavalry. In 1669 he was made colonel of the King's Life Guards, one of the most senior appointments in the army. When the Captain General of the army, George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, died in 1670, Monmouth became the senior officer in the army at the age of 21. At the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672, a brigade of 6,000 British troops was sent to serve as part of the French army (in return for money paid to King Charles), with Monmouth as its commander. In the campaign of 1673 and in particular at the Siege of Maastricht, Monmouth gained a considerable reputation as one of Britain's finest soldiers. He became Chancellor of Cambridge University in 1674.^[5]

In 1678 Monmouth was commander of the Anglo-Dutch brigade, now fighting for the United Provinces against the French. He distinguished himself at the battle of St Denis, further increasing his reputation. The following year, after his return to Britain, he commanded the small army raised to put down the rebellion of the Scottish Covenanters. Despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the (admittedly poorly equipped) Covenanter rebels at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge on 22 June 1679. By this time it was becoming apparent that Charles II would have no legitimate heir, and Monmouth was regarded by many as preferable to the Duke of York.

Monmouth's execution on Tower Hill, 15 July 1685 (O.S), in a popular print.

Rebellion and execution

Following the discovery of the so-called Rye House Plot in 1683, Monmouth was obliged to go into exile in the Dutch United Provinces (Violet Wyndham gives the date of his exile as 1679). On his father's death in 1685 Monmouth led the "Monmouth Rebellion", landing with three ships at Lyme Regis in Dorset in an attempt to take the throne from his uncle. He declared himself King and was crowned in Chard^[6] and was the subject of more coronations in Taunton 20 June 1685 and Bridgwater. On 6 July 1685 the two armies met at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the second to last fought on English soil. Monmouth's makeshift force could not compete with the regular army, and was soundly defeated. Monmouth himself was captured and arrested in Dorset. Following this, Parliament passed an Act of Attainder, 1 Ja. II c. 2.^[7] Despite begging for mercy, he was executed by Jack Ketch on 15 July 1685, on Tower Hill. It is said that it took multiple blows of the axe to sever his head (though some sources say it took eight blows, the official Tower of London website says it took five blows,^[8] while Charles Spencer, in his book Blenheim, claims it was seven^[9]). One of his co-conspirators was Thomas Chamberlain of Oddington, from the family of Tankerville, Gloucestershire, and Barons of Wyckham: in lieu of beheading he was transported to Virginia and there served in the Army.

His dukedoms of Monmouth and Buccleuch were forfeited, but the subsidiary titles of the dukedom of Monmouth were later restored to the Duke of Buccleuch.

Popular legends

According to legend,^[10] a portrait was painted of Monmouth after his execution. The tradition states that it was realised after the execution that there was no official portrait of the Duke—for a son of a King, and someone who had claimed the throne, albeit in vain, this was unheard of. So his body was exhumed, the head stitched back on the body, and it was sat for its portrait to be painted. However, there are at least two formal portraits of Monmouth^[11] tentatively dated to before his death currently in the National Portrait Gallery in London, and another painting once identified with Monmouth^[12] that shows a sleeping or dead man that could have given rise to the story. The oval portrait shown above is dated by the NPG to circa 1683 and depicts James in military garb, wearing a blue officer's sash and light armor. The battle scene portrait is thought to depict James at the siege of Maastricht and is credited to artist Jan Wyck, circa 1675.

One of the many theories about the identity of The Man in the Iron Mask is that he was Monmouth. It seems to be based on the reasoning that James II would not execute his own nephew, so someone else was executed, and James II arranged for Monmouth to be taken to France and put in the custody of his cousin Louis XIV of France.^[13] However, the earliest French records referring to The Man In The Iron Mask date back to 1669, years before Monmouth's arrest.

Children

His marriage to Anne Scott resulted in the birth of eight children:

• Charles Scott, Earl of Doncaster (24 August 1672 – 9 February 1673/1674).
• James Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (23 May 1674 – 14 March 1705). He was married on 2 January 1693/1694 to Henrietta Hyde, daughter of Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. They were parents to Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch.
• Lady Anne Scott (17 February 1675 – 13 August 1685).
• Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine (1676 – 25 December 1730).
• Francis Scott (1678 – buried 8 December 1679).
• Lady Isabella Scott (d. 18 February 1748).
• Lady Charlotte Scott (buried 5 September 1683).
• Richard Scott, Earl of Winserton (d. 14 August 1739)

His affair with mistress Eleanor Needham, daughter of Sir Robert Needham of Lambeth resulted in the birth of three children:

• James Crofts (died March, 1732, Major General)
• Henriette Crofts (c. 1682 – 27 February 1730). She was married around 1697 to Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton.
• Isabel Crofts (died young).

Toward the end of his life he conducted an affair with Henrietta, Baroness Wentworth.

Duke of Monmouth in fiction

• The Monmouth rebellion sets the stage for the premise of a group of classic adventure novels Captain Blood and Mistress Wilding by Rafael Sabatini.
• The Monmouth Rebellion features in the novel Lorna Doone by R. D. Blackmore.
• The Monmouth Rebellion is the setting for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novel Micah Clarke.
• John Masefield's 1910 novel Martin Hyde: The Duke’s Messenger tells the story of a boy who plays a central part in the Monmouth Rebellion. Martin always calls the Duke "my King".^[14]
• The Duke of Monmouth is a minor character in The Anubis Gates by Tim Powers.
• Duke of Monmouth is one of the secondary characters in Neal Stephenson's work Quicksilver.
• The Duke of Monmouth is the subject of Jude Morgan's novel, The King's Touch, published in 2003
• Joe Frank performed a 1985 radio broadcast "Pretender" based on the life of Monmouth.

Ancestors

References

Further reading

• Violet Wyndham, Protestant Duke: Life of the Duke of Monmouth (ISBN 0-297-77099-3).

External links

• List of descendants
• regiments.org